report<\/a> on drug residues in water.<\/p>\n\n\n\nThere are currently about 4000 active pharmaceutical ingredients that are administered worldwide by prescription.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pharmaceuticals are designed to interact with a living organism and produce a pharmacological response, making them a concern even at low doses in the environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
They are stable molecules that degrade very slowly and whose daily use leads to a constant release into the environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pharmaceuticals administered to humans or animals are excreted in the urine and faeces, 30 to 90% of oral doses are usually excreted as active substances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Very high concentrations in the order of mg\/l have also been detected in industrial effluents around the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Our wastewater treatment plants are not designed to remove pharmaceutical substances from wastewater.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is a major concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Humans can be exposed via drinking water and the ingestion of food containing pharmaceutical residues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Some substances have been shown to cause adverse effects on ecosystems, including mortality, as well as physiological, behavioural and reproductive changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For example, oral contraceptives have caused the feminisation of fish and amphibians, antidepressants have changed fish behaviour, making them more vulnerable to predators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
On the other hand, the abuse and excessive use of antibiotics is an important contributing factor to antimicrobial resistance, with up to 50% of antibiotics prescribed for human use being considered unnecessary. The number is even greater in agriculture and aquaculture, where they are mainly administered as growth promoters and substitutes for good hygiene.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The environment then becomes a reservoir of resistant genes, as well as a breeding ground for the development and spread of pathogen resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The OECD recommends that governments adopt a collective approach to the life cycle management of pharmaceuticals in the environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Policies that cost-effectively manage pharmaceuticals for the protection of water quality and freshwater ecosystems are based on the following strategies:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
– Improved knowledge of the presence, fate, toxicity, risks to human health and the environment of drug residues in water bodies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
– Impose or encourage measures to prevent the discharge of pharmaceuticals into water, mainly for pharmaceutical companies and manufacturing facilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
– Impose or encourage reductions in inappropriate and excessive pharmaceutical consumption by providing guidance to physicians, veterinarians, pharmacists, patients and farmers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
– Implementation of end-of-cycle measures that require or encourage improved waste and wastewater treatment to eliminate pharmaceutical residues after their use or release into the aquatic environment.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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